Jean De La Fontaine s Poetry Of Fables - 1495 Words

The first ever set of fables are associated with a Thracian slave who lived in the 6th century BC named Aesop. In fact, his work has taken its place to be some of the most admired in Ancient Greek History. Similarly, Phaedrus was another Thracian slave after being set free, whilst living in Rome, he completed 5 books of fables in verse, written in Latin; which some of these were adapted from the fables attributed to Aesop. The first edition of these were published by the Frenchman Pierre Pithou in 1596. Due to these two people and numerous others, Jean de la Fontaine was inspired to write 12 books of fables in Vers libres. La Fontaine was a poet well known, especially, for his fables. It is worth mentioning that La Fontaine wrote in†¦show more content†¦In my opinion, this fable suggests a grim but also a realistic view on the world as it implies that if you cannot help and survive yourself, others cannot help you, like the ant refused to help the cicada. Besides, this also implies that you shouldn t be lazy or depend on anyone else. For instance, the cicada relied on the ant for grain in the winter but the result was not as expected, we should stand on our own feet and be able to provide for ourselves. Furthermore, there is a well known, generalised theory that life is a paradox and so everything good is harmful which works for this fable because the cicada enjoyed himself all summer but it was harmful for him when it got to winter season. However in contrast, if we asked the ant whether he was content with his work, he would still not be satisfied even though he has everything he needs; he would want to collect more grain, collect more materials for his shelter. In a like manner, the ant is a character with concerns for the future whilst on the other hand the cicada is a character who lives in the moment with no interest in the future. Inconveniently, both characters carry out an excess of one thing, either working too hard or having fun whereas in r eality both of those things need to be balanced together, this could be another moral that La FontaineShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology s Influence On The Arts And Literature Of Western Civilization2652 Words   |  11 Pageslong wanderings and adventures of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, as he travels home from the war. The fullest and most important source of myths about the origin of the gods is the epic Theogony. It was written by the Greek poet Hesiod about 700 BC. Hesiod s Works and Days, another source of myths, tells of various ages of humankind. Many of the ancient Greek lyric poets preserved various myths. The odes of the poet Pindar, who flourished in the 6th–5th century BC, are particularly rich in myth and legend

Case Study “the Hollywood Film Industry and the Role of...

1. Characterise the advantages of independent film making. New faces have been introduced. Actors can step outside typical typecast roles. Based on one’s creativity. Low-budget film making. Allows the artist to circumvent excessive studio control on their projects Directors can craft their own unique vision. Writers can often see their scripted vision through the entire development process. Did not have permanent staff and would bring people together to make a film on short term contract basis. 2. Compare the industry network of Hollywood with that of the motor sport valley in the United Kingdom a) Industry network of Hollywood. A project-based enterprise. Has develops a wide range of skills and†¦show more content†¦To make a film, resources is required and a financial backer is involved (i.e. the producer) who is responsible for getting the film made. The artistic and creative input lies with the director and is separate from the financial responsibilities that lie with the producer. If it is the big budgeting films, many temporary crews may be needed. A film company employs all its workers just like other companies did. The producer and director use both their social networks and work networks to locate the necessary skills as well as appoint leading players responsible for appointing all the necessary crews required. Although these crews meant for temporary work only, their skills are most needed during the production stage of film shooting. The crews’ employment rise as the production begins. On the pre-production and post production stage, only several crews’ needed depending on their skills. At the end of making the film the organisation formed for this purposes ceases to exist, leaving no fixed assets and no structure for continued learning. 4. If the organisation is dissolved after completing the making of the film what happens to the skills and competencies learn and developed? Learning and sharing of knowledge is undertaken during these periods. Actors and actresses in demand, after completing a film shoot, they will moved to another film project a long time before the film is

Hasty Generalisation Free Essays

Hasty generalization (Anecdotal) Definition: Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate (usually because it is atypical or just too small). Stereotypes about people (â€Å"librarians are shy and smart,† â€Å"wealthy people are snobs,† etc. ) are a common example of the principle underlying hasty generalization. We will write a custom essay sample on Hasty Generalisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Example: â€Å"My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I’m in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard! † Two people’s experiences are, in this case, not enough on which to base a conclusion. The person committing the fallacy is misusing the following type of reasoning, which is known variously as Inductive Generalization, Generalization, and Statistical Generalization: 1. X% of all observed A’s are B†s. 2. Therefore X% of all A’s are Bs. The fallacy is committed when not enough A’s are observed to warrant the conclusion. If enough A’s are observed then the reasoning is not fallacious. Tip: Ask yourself what kind of â€Å"sample† you’re using: Are you relying on the opinions or experiences of just a few people, or your own experience in just a few situations? If so, consider whether you need more evidence, or perhaps a less sweeping conclusion. (Notice that in the example, the more modest conclusion â€Å"Some philosophy classes are hard for some students† would not be a hasty generalization. ) Here are some more examples of hasty generalisations fallacies. See if you can identify the fallacy and write this in the following format â€Å"A means B. † We will then discuss what is wrong with each one: 1. Bill: â€Å"You know, those feminists all hate men. † Joe: â€Å"Really? † Bill: â€Å"Yeah. I was in my philosophy class the other day and that Rachel chick gave a presentation. † Joe: â€Å"Which Rachel? † Bill: â€Å"You know her. She’s the one that runs that feminist group over at the Women’s Center. She said that men are all sexist pigs. I asked her why she believed this and she said that her last few boyfriends were real sexist pigs. † Joe: â€Å"That doesn’t sound like a good reason to believe that all of us are pigs. † Bill: â€Å"That was what I said. † Joe: â€Å"What did she say? † Bill: â€Å"She said that she had seen enough of men to know we are all pigs. She obviously hates all men. † Joe: â€Å"So you think all feminists are like her? † Bill: â€Å"Sure. They all hate men. † 2. â€Å"Our English teacher made us ready read some poetry last year, and it was really boring. I know now that I will never like poetry† 3. Fred the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. 4. I asked six of my friends what they thought of the new taxes and they agreed that they are a good idea. The new taxes are therefore generally popular. 5. All swans are white. 6. Critical thinking is not part of my university application therefore Critical Thinking has no value After the discussion write 2 or 3 examples of ad hominem/tu qouque’s of your own. India is the country with the largest population therefore Indian people love to have sex Han Eol is good at badminton therefore all Koreans are good at badminton The Virginia Tech Massacre was done by a Korean, therefore all Koreans are terrorists James Koay gets good grades therefore all Asians are smart Blondes are dumb therefore Carrie Sharp is dumb How to cite Hasty Generalisation, Papers

Immunological Tests for Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImmunological Tests for Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction. Answer: Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction tests: These tests are mainly cell proliferation assays. They may be of two types which are the one way MLR and the two way MLR. There are many other ways by which the scientists or any other organizations can follow their guidelines for performing the test. One way MLR can be described as the cell proliferation assay where a particular population of lymphocytes (called the responder cells) gets stimulated by another population of lymphocytes called the stimulator cell. After incubation period for about five to six days, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)are mainly mixed and then incorporated into the DNA of the proliferating cells (Brunner Cerottinii, 2014). They are then incubated there for another day or half. Following this, the BrdU is washed out from the mixture. Then Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) is performed. This helps to quantify the total amount of BrdU which gives a measure of cell proliferation. Actually in the end, the expert is mainly evaluating the proliferation response of the target cells which occur when both the population of lymphocytes are mixed together. In two way MLR tests, there is only one difference. Here, both the populations of the lymphocyte cells are able to proliferate. As a result, the experimental design is set in such a way so that, it can support the proliferation of both lymphocytes. However, the analysis of the amount of the proliferated cells is mainly done by the mixing of two populations of lymphocytes (Hong et al., 2017). The tests are mainly performed so that proper assessment can be made that whether proliferation of T-cell is increased or had undergone inhibition in response to the external or any other cellular stimuli. An inhibited cell proliferation states the decrease of the T-cell response to the test article. An increase in the cell proliferation indicates an increase in T cell response to the test article. They are mainly used by the biotech and pharmaceutical organizations to understand whether their drug or any other implantable material is safe or not (Konina et al., 2013). Pokeweed mitogen test: Pokeweed mitogen test is a type of lymphocyte stimulation test which use a substance called mitogen to non specifically activate the lymphoid cells in the sample. Mitogens are derived from plants and can bind with molecules on the surface of the lymphocytes, thereby triggering their activation called blastogenesis. This is followed by subsequent division or proliferation. Pokeweed mitogen test is mainly considered to be a B cell mitogen. At first the lymphocytes are suspended and maintained in tissue culture medium which is supplemented with serum obtained from normal animals of same species as the lymphocytes are being assayed. The lymphocyte cell suspension is then aliquoted into a number of multi-well plates and culture media followed by the adding of mitogenic substance to relevant culture wells. Cultures without the presence of mitogen should be kept for control purposes. The total volume for each of the well should be kept constant and only the concentration of the lymphocytes and the mitogens should be changed form one well to another (Salak et al., 2016). All well on the plate should be set in triplicate style for analysis. The culture periods should vary between 2 to 5 days in a tissue culture incubator at 37 degree Celsius and 5% CO2. Within the last few hours, a set quantity of radio-labelled thymidine should be added to each of the well in the plate but not in the triplicate of well that act as controls. Radio labeled thymidine is then inserted into newly synthesized DNA as the cellular divisions continue in wells. Culture is then stopped, contents of each well are mechanically aspirated, cells are collected in filter mat and all culture fluid, unincorporated thymidine and others are released. The amount of beta radiation emitted is mainly proportional to the total amount of thymiden which is radio-labelled and incorporated in the lymphocytes. This thereby shows how it is proportional to the rate of division. The result is mainly recorded as the sti mulation index (SI)which takes into account the level of background cell division that occurs in control well not exposed to mitogen. When such result is greater than 3, it is considered as significant result. The measurement of the human lymphocytes proliferative responses to different types of stimuli can be considered as an important technique which is used to assess their biological functions as well as their status. Mitogens are able to nonspecifically stimulate lymphocytes proliferation which in turn helps to evaluate the immune responsiveness of the patient Fluorescence antibody test: This can be defined as the test in which a fluorescent dye is mainly used to stain an antibody so that proper identification of clinical specimens can be conducted. The fluorescent dyes help in conjugation with the immunoglobulin in such a way so that there is no alteration in the antibody-antigen reaction. These make the dyed organism (if present) glow visibly when examined under a fluorescent microscope. Two techniques can be used in this type of tests. The first one is the direct test where the immunoglobulin is first conjugated with a fluorescent dye and then it is added to the tissue (Bizzaro et al., 2014). Following this, it combines with the specific antigen. The other type is called the indirect antibody technique. In this type, the immunoglobulin is first added to the tissue. Then it is made to combine with the specific antigen after which the antigen antibody complex gets labeled with a fluorescent antibody. This test is mainly helpful in identification of a wide range of infective and other agents for which specific antibodies linked to fluorescein are held. The observation of the fluorescence demonstrates that the antibody has been successful in attaching with the corresponding antigen if present and thereby provided appropriate outcomes (Wang et al., 2014). The utility can be described in examples. This test can be used in the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosi. It is also the most common serological test for syphilis. Moreover, it is also seen that when humans are infected by rabies virus, the virus proteins which are the antigens get incorporated in their tissues. As rabies remains present in the nervous tissue, fluorescently-labeled anti-rabies antibody a (Direct fluorescent antibody test) is conducted which helps in identification of the presence or absence of the antigen in the human being (Roberdet et al., 2013). Plaque-forming cell assay: The aim of the Plaque-forming cell assay is the evaluation of an individual to mount a humoral response or simply an antibody response to a particular antigen typically like that of the sheep red blood cells called the SRBC. When exposure to the SRBC or any other T-cell dependent antigens takes place, generation of antigen specific antibody response requires bit cooperation as well as interaction of the several immense cell types. These include B cells, T cells and also antigen presenting cells like macrophages. Alteration in the functioning of any such cells can impair the ability of the B cells to produce antigen specific antibody. Due to this complexity of the interaction of different types of cells, quantification of the plaque forming cell response which is actually antibody forming cell response SRBC response was found to be important as the best predictors of immuno-toxicity (Ladics, 2016). The PFC response to SRBC mainly incorporates the usage of immuno-competetent cells from lymphoid organs mainly like the spleen. In association with this, other antigens known as T cell independent antigens can be used in the PFC assay for identification of the primary immune types of cells which are targeted by particular compound. These antigens do not require the need for the T cells in the eliciting any kinds of production of the antibody by the B cells. In spite of using the antigen, the PFC assay is based on SRBC. Which include the antigen as well as the conjugated hapten for the specific antibody produced by the B cells (Leftkovits Pernis, 2014). Spleens from SRBC immunized animals are removed and cells are mixed then with SRBC. It is complemented in SRBC media like agar. The mixture is then placed on petridish, covered and incubated for 3 hours at 37degree Celcius. During incubation, B cells produce IgM antibody which are specific for SRBC. This then bind to SRBC membrane antigens. This is then found to cause complement mediated lysis of the SRBC. Subsequent formation of plaques takes place. These can be counted visually. Data is usually expressed as IgM AFC(PFC)/ spleen Source: Ladics, 10.1007/978-3-642-27786-3_1171-3 Cytotoxic lymphocyte assay: The cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against T-dependent antigens require cooperation of major categories of immune cells which include professional antigen presenting cell like dendritc cells, CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes. It helps in evaluating antigen presentation via class 1 and class 2 MHC (major histocompatability complex). Therefore, CTL assay is also excellent candidate for the evaluation of potential immunotoxicity in the immune system (Burleson, Burselon Deitart, 2010). 51Chromium (Cr) Release Assays is one type of assay. This is the classical assay to detect the CTL activity. This assay mainly evaluates the ability of the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to lyze target cells which expresses an epitope of interest. Target cells are first stimulated with the help of an appropriate peptide to activate the cells. Then the target cells which express the epitope of interest are labeled with 51Cr. Cells are then incubated by CTL effector cells. As the CTL effectors cells are binding to the antigen specific target, these number of cell will go lyses and the 51Cr will be eventually released in the culture supernatant (Xu et al., 2013). The cells are then centrifuged and the levels of 51Cr in the supernatant are measured by scintillation. In the recent years, a variety of similar assays are proposed which do not use radioactive agents. They involve measuring of the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. These help in determination of levels of CD8+ cytotoxic activity (Mucida et al., 2013). Researchers are of the opinion that that the later are more sensitive to that of the traditional method. References: Bizzaro, N., Antico, A., Platzgummer, S., Tonutti, E., Bassetti, D., Pesente, F., ... Study Group on Autoimmune Diseases of the Italian Society of Laboratory Medicine. (2014). Automated antinuclear immunofluorescence antibody screening: a comparative study of six computer-aided diagnostic systems.Autoimmunity Reviews,13(3), 292-298. Brunner, K. T., Cerottini, J. C. (2014). Cytotoxic lymphocytes as effector cells of cell-mediated immunity.Progress in immunology,1, 385-398. Burleson, G. R., Burleson, F. G., Dietert, R. R. (2010). The cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay for evaluating cell-mediated immune function.Immunotoxicity Testing: Methods and Protocols, 195-205. Hong, J. W., Lim, J. H., Chung, C. J., Kang, T. J., Kim, T. Y., Kim, Y. S., ... Lew, D. H. (2017). Immune Tolerance of Human Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated by CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Regulatory T-Cells and Induced by TGF-1 and IL-10.Yonsei Medical Journal,58(5), 1031-1039. Khonina, N. A., Broitman, E. V., Shevela, E. Y., Pasman, N. M., Chernykh, E. R. (2013). Mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking factors (MLR-Bf) as potential biomarker for indication and efficacy of paternal lymphocyte immunization in recurrent spontaneous abortion.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics,288(4), 933-937. Ladics, G. S. (2016). Plaque-Forming Cell Assays.Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 698-702. Lefkovits, I., Pernis, B. (Eds.). (2014).Immunological methods(Vol. 3). Elsevier. Mucida, D., Husain, M. M., Muroi, S., Van Wijk, F., Shinnakasu, R., Naoe, Y., ... Attinger, A. (2013). Transcriptional reprogramming of mature CD4+ helper T cells generates distinct MHC class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes.Nature immunology,14(3), 281-289. Robardet, E., Andrieu, S., Rasmussen, T. B., Dobrostana, M., Horton, D. L., Hostnik, P., ... Servat, A. (2013). Comparative assay of fluorescent antibody test results among twelve European National Reference Laboratories using various anti-rabies conjugates.Journal of virological methods,191(1), 88-94. Salak, J. L., McGlone, J. J., Morrow, J. L., Hurst, R. J., Green, R. D. (2016). Genetic Variability in Measures of Beef Cattle Immune Response.Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources,3, 54-56. Wang, C., Bao, C., Liang, S., Zhang, L., Fu, H., Wang, Y., ... Ni, J. (2014). HAI-178 antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles for targeted imaging and simultaneous therapy of gastric cancer.Nanoscale research letters,9(1), 274. Xu, Z., Ramishetti, S., Tseng, Y. C., Guo, S., Wang, Y., Huang, L. (2013). Multifunctional nanoparticles co-delivering Trp2 peptide and CpG adjuvant induce potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against melanoma and its lung metastasis.Journal of Controlled Release,172(1), 259-265.